Contents

Wayne Huber's fact sheet
Capsule history
Intro to the SWMM environment - a longer background article
PCSWMM

A Silver Anniversary SWMM Capsule History

updated wj 96/07/16 I know that this capsule is too brief, and has too many ommissions, so please send me your additions and corrections.

updated wj 96/07/12 I know that this capsule is too brief, and has too many ommissions, so please send me your additions and corrections.

This necessarily brief review features a few highlights from the perspective of an academic marginally involved in the development of SWMM. As a historical sketch it is admittedly poor, covering only what the writer considers to be a few central activities. It was written to help new users understand the peculiarities of the code and manuals, and to plot a path through part of the confusing serial literature. Textbooks, manuals and reports are not covered.
Most urban stormwater code has been written and distributed for commercial reasons. The development of SWMM, its ancestry and its continuing support, on the other hand, is probably unique. Apart from intermittent support of the USEPA, research groups at several different universities, including those of the author, the University of Florida, and Oregon State University, and engineers at agencies and in consulting offices, have spasmodically contributed ideas or more materially to the evolution of SWMM.
The SWMM environment is a natural consequence of active participation in scientific, technical and engineering conferences, symposia, seminars, workshops and other meetings. Besides workshops and short courses given by (i) the University of Florida, (ii) the USEPA, and (iii) the writer, the more common meetings include:

1. An approximately biennial series of Specialty and Engineering Foundation conferences (both involving the Urban Water Resources Research Council of the American Society of Civil Engineers or ASCE);

2. A series of regular international conferences every three years and;

3. Irregular six-monthly user group conferences in the US and Canada, whose papers are listed at the end of the chapter.

A study of the lists of committee members, invited speakers, authors of papers, and the content of some papers, will inevitably detect some repetition and find a remarkable amount of consistency over the years. Fortunately other consulting engineers, planners, geographers, aquatic biologists and related professionals concerned with urban development and its impact on aquatic environments have contributed equally to the rich literature.
Since the proceedings of the water quality management modellers user conferences are generally more difficult to locate in libraries or elsewhere, this review includes a list of most of the papers presented in that series. The papers cover many topics of intense interest to readers of these proceedings, and nicely encapsulate the changing emphasis over the past two decades. Topics range from concerns with water flows in a remote-batch-mainframe environment, to interdisciplinary ecosystems concerns in the evolving networked-workstation design environment. A crude guide to the papers is provided.

1.1 Introduction

The public domain program known as SWMM was originally the result of generous funding provided by the USEPA. The early contractors were: 1. Metcalf and Eddy Inc. of Palo Alto, 2. University of Florida, and 3. Water Resources Engineers Inc. of Walnut Creek, California. It's important to note that the code has been under more-or-less continuous development for about three decades, almost exclusively at the University of Florida (until 1991) under Wayne Huber's leadership. The manuals were also written there, and produced occasionally in response to EPA contract agreements. But, under Reaganomics, USEPA support fell away over the years, and in the late 80s, it virtually dried up. Nevertheless a few die-hard professors continued to support the code, despite all odds.
Consulting engineers have also contributed to the development, some having selflessly donated code, and others under contract, notably CDM (Camp Dresser and McKee). Their participation is especially important for keeping the development tied to practical problems.
For each major issue of the documentation, the evolving code has been bundled up and given a new version number. Software archaeologists should take care not to infer that the historic versions of the documentation reflect the then contemporary SWMM code; available documentation clearly lags code development by several years.

1.2 USEPA SWMM

The four volumes of the 1971 STORMWATER MANAGEMENT MODEL report marks an early starting point. Two volumes related to the theoretical background, and to code validation. Volume three comprised the first user's manual, and volume four the original source code listing. That program was very limited by comparison with to-day's versions. Version 1 did not include a COMBINE block. Figure 1.1 is a schematic for version 2 and Figure 1.2 shows the engineering design relationship between its modules. Figure 1.2 is essentially unchanged from that for version 1.

THE FIGURES ARE NOT AVAILABLE - SORRY!
Figure 1.1: Schematic for SWMM version 2 (March 1975).
Source: Huber, W.C. et al. SWMM User's Manual Version 2 EPA-670/2-75-017 March 75.


Figure 1.2: Engineering design relationship between SWMM modules (and submodules). Source: Huber, W.C. et al., SWMM User's Manual Version 2, EPA-670/2-75-017 (NTIS PB-257809) EPA Cincinnati, OH March 75.


The user's manual for version 2 was published in March 1975. The program still incorporated a RECEIVing block, but no EXTRAN block. The schematic is shown in Figure 1.1.
In November 1977, Interim SWMM documentation was published (still version 2 officially), and it included snowmelt, better continuous simulation, and EXTRAN documentation. The new schematic is presented in Figure 1.3. In November 1981 the user's manual for version 3 was published. The RECEIVing block was deleted, and a separate Addendum for EXTRAN was published under the authorship of CDM of Annandale, Virginia. The program was still big-batch-mainframe oriented, and distributed on 9-track tape. Later, version 3.3 was distributed by the EPA for use on microcomputer. Figure 1.4 is a schematic for version 3. Note that this version did not in fact include a RECEIVing block.
Starting in 1977, the author and his group ported the code to minicomputer and later to microcomputer systems. Free-format input, 80-column output, screen-oriented graphics, error-checking and transparent file handling was added. The documentation was rewritten in user-friendly style, the code stored on diskettes, and the package distributed by CHI as PCSWMM. PCSWMM3.2 was last formally distributed in 1987. A schematic is shown in Figure 1.5, depicting how the program was structured on the 51/4 inch diskettes.
Version 4 was the second EPA version that could run on microcomputers, and appeared with published documentation in August 1988. It was an USEPA response to PCSWMM which was a commercial product, and version 4 included most of the attributes of PCSWMM as well as a wide range of enhancements. The new EPA documentation reflected many of the contributions of PCSWMM, particularly the tables of input data requirements. Figure 1.6 is the schematic for version 4. It was configured for operation on hard disk, but retained much of the big-batch main frame architecture. It was now much better configured for continuous simulation and time-series management, incorporating a RAIN block and a temperature block.

1.3 Derivatives of SWMM

In the early 90s a number of derivative codes became available in the private domain, of which the outstanding examples are EXTRAN-XP and SWMM-XP, developed and distributed by WP Software of Canberra, Australia. The XP codes, originating on a MacIntosh platform, use a graphics-based environment and are the most user-friendly of all the urban stormwater system design codes. The codes now include significant modification of the USEPA code, eliminating the grief involved in getting SWMM running smoothly.


Figure 1.3:Schematic for SWMM version 2 (Nov. 1977).
Source: Huber, W.C. et al., Release of EPA SWMM, Nov. 77. Draft Interim Documentation, Nov. 77.


Figure 1.4:Schematic for SWMM version 3 (Nov 1981).
Source: Huber W.C. et al., SWMM User's Manual Version 3 USEPA project NO. CR-805664 (4th printing October 1982).


Figure 1.5: Schematic for PCSWMM3.2.


1.4 Serial Literature

In this chapter we deal with the specialised serial literature only; textbooks, manuals, research reports, and other one-off documentation are not covered. Serials here are taken to be the result of more-or-less regular technical meetings, as opposed to (say) a series of unrelated design codes. The Australian meetings and conferences on Urban Stormwater Quality Modelling are not listed here.


1.5 Conference Proceedings

1.5.1. Sanctioned ASCE Urban Water Resources Research Council Meetings

As SWMM was evolving, the literature was growing. Several textbooks appeared, and the University of Kentucky ran an annual conference on urban hydrology, hydraulics and sediment transport every July from 1976 to 1985.
The Urban Water Resources Research Council (UWRRC) of the ASCE sponsored a number of special meetings, as well as sessions at various ASCE Division Specialty conferences. Every few years a conference was arranged under the close support of the UWRRC by the Engineering Foundation. The proceedings for all these conferences, as well as a number of related manuals, were published by the ASCE. A list of some relevant, focused conferences in the period 1971-89 whose proceedings are available from the ASCE is provided below. The list is not exhaustive, does not cover conferences with broader coverage than urban stormwater management, and does not include other international conferences, such as those of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineering (CSCE). Copies of the books of proceedings are available from the ASCE at 345 East 47th St, NY, NY 10017.


Figure 1.6:Schematic for SWMM version 4 (August 1988). Source: Huber, W.C. and Dickinson, R.E. SWMM Version 4 User's Manual. EPA/600/3-88/001a (NTIS PB88-236641) EPA Athens, GA (Aug 88).

ASCE SANCTIONED CONFERENCES
DATE, PLACE; and TITLE
1989, Davos, Switz.; Urban Stormwater Quality Enhancement - Source Control, Retrofitting, and Combined Sewer Tech.
1988, Potosi, MO; Design of Urban Runoff Quality Controls
1986, Hennicker, NH; Urban Runoff Quality - Impact & Quality Enhancement Technology
1983, Baltimore, MD; Urban Hydrology
1983, Niagara-on-the- Lake, ON; Emerging Computer Techniques in Stormwater and Flood Management
1982, Hennicker, NH; Stormwater Detention Facilities
1980, Blacksburg, VI; Urban Stormwater Management in Coastal Areas
1978, Hennicker, NH; Water Problems of Urbanizing Areas
1976, Easton, MD; Guide for Prediction Analysis and Use of Urban Stormwater Data
1974, Rindge, NH; Urban Runoff Quantity and Quality
1971, Deerfield, MA; Urban Water Resources Management

1.5.2. International Meetings Involving IAHR and/or IAWPRC

International meetings were also organised by a joint committee of the International Association for Hydraulic Research and the International Association for Water Pollution Research and Control. Venues were Southampton (UK), Urbana (IL), Gothenburg (Sweden), Lausanne (Switzerland), Osaka (Japan) and (in 1993) Niagara Falls (Ontario). Other smaller, more specialised meetings were held in Dubrovnik, Davos, Montpelier, Wageningen, Duisberg, and elsewhere. The UWRRC was instrumental in arranging participation by US agencies and academics. The next table lists a selection of those meetings and their titles.

SOME INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES
DATE, PLACE; TITLE, and Volumes

Jul 93, Niagara Falls ON; Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on Urban Storm Drainage. 2 volumes
Jul 90, Tokyo Japan; Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Urban Storm Drainage. 3 volumes
Apr 88, Duisburg West Germany; Hydrological Processes and Water Management in Urban Areas. 1 volume
Aug 87, Lausanne, Switzerland; Topics in Urban Stormwater Quality, Planning and Management: Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Urban Storm Drainage. 2 volumes
Apr 86, Dubrovnik Yugoslavia; Urban Drainage Modelling - Symposium on Comparison of Urban Drainage Models with Real Catchment Data. 3 volumes
Aug 85, Montpellier France; NATO Advanced Science Institute: Urban Runoff Pollution. 1 volume
Jun 84, Goteborg Sweden; Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Urban Storm Drainage. 4 volumes
Jun 81, Urbana IL; Urban Stormwater Quality Management and Planning: Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Urban Storm Drainage. 2 volumes
Apr 78, Southampton UK; Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Urban Storm Drainage. 1 volume

1.5.3. So-called SWMM User Group Meetings

Early co-operation was established between groups in Canada and the US, and the proceedings of several user group conferences were published in "The Storm Water Management Modeller - a bulletin to the users of the EPA's SWMM". The writer holds copies for meetings held in Toronto, April 1st 1976; in Toronto October 26th 1976; Gainesville (FL) April 4-5 1977; and Milwaukee Nov 3-4 1977. In addition, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment published proceedings, of which the writer holds the following: Toronto, Oct 19-21 1976; and Toronto March 28-30 1977.
Subsequent conferences were then organised by various users, sponsored by the USEPA inter alia, and held approximately twice a year, alternating between Canada and the U.S. The title of the conference became "Stormwater and Water Quality Management Modelling" or similar. The proceedings of the conferences, and sources, as known to the writer, are as follows (in reverse chronology):

Sources for the proceeding USEPA sanctioned conferences:

Nat Tech Info Services (NTIS)
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161

Dr. Wm. James
School of Engineering
University of Guelph
Guelph, ON N1G 2W1

Ont. Min. of the Environment
Pollution Control Branch
135 St. Clair Avenue, West
Toronto, ON M4V 1P5

Dr. Paul Wisner
Dept of Civil Engineering
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 9B4

Charles Howard & Assoc. Ltd.
300-1144 Fort Street
Victoria, B.C. V8V 3K8


USEPA SANCTIONED
STORMWATER AND WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT MODELLING CONFERENCES

DATE, PP, REPORT, NTIS, SOURCE; and PLACE

Feb 92, c600, CHI/U of Guelph, W. James; Toronto, ON
Apr 90, XX, unknown, T.Najarian; Eatontown, NJ
Oct 88, 233, EPA-600/9-89-001, PB89 195002/AS, NTIS; Denver,CO
Oct 87, 175, Howard Assocs, C. Howard; Victoria, BC
Mar 87, 249, EPA-600/9-87-016, PB88-125430, Try NTIS; Denver,CO
Sep 86, 463, U of Ottawa, P.Wisner; Toronto, ON
Mar 86, 334, EPA-600/9-86-023, PB87-117438, Try NTIS; Orlando,FL
Dec 85, 426, CHI-R149, W.James; Toronto, ON
Jan 85, 268, EPA-600/9-85-016, NTIS; Gainesville,FL
Sep 84, 261, CHI-R128, PB85-228302, W. James; Burlington, ON
Apr 84, 298, EPA-600/9-85-003, PB85-168003, Try NTIS; Detroit, MI
Sep 83, 274, GREMU 83/02, P. Beron; Montreal, PQ
Jan 83, 282, EPA-600/9-83-015, PB84-118454, NTIS; Gainesville,FL
Oct 82, 274, U of Ottawa, P. Wisner; Ottawa, ON
Mar 82, 298, EPA-600/9-82-015, PB83 145540, NTIS; Washington,DC
Sep 81, 551, CHI-R81, W. James; NiagaraFalls,ON
Jan 81, 257, CHI-R83, W. James; Austin, TX
Jun 80, 238, EPA-600/9-80-064, PB81 173858, NTIS; Toronto, ON
Jan 80, 329, EPA-600/9-80-017, PB80 177876, NTIS; Gainesville,FL
May 79, 413, EPA-600/9-79-026, PB80 105663, NTIS; Montreal, PQ
Nov 78, 238, EPA-600/9-79-003, PB290 742/6BE, NTIS; Annapolis,MD
May 78, 244, EPA-600/9-78-019, PB285 993/2BE, NTIS; Ottawa, ON
Mar 77, 389, Conf. Proc. No.5, MOE; Toronto, ON
Oct 76, 334, Conf. Proc. No.4, MOE; Toronto, ON



1.5.4. SWMM User Group Meeting Papers

Finally, this chapter concludes with a very simple classification of papers of the above irregular water quality model users meetings held in Canada and the US. In the lists each paper two pages or longer is given a "koechel" (an arbitrary pseudo-chronological) number.
Readers who need copies of any papers should contact the above sources, and if difficulties arise, FAX the author at 1-519-836-0227 or 1-519-767-2770.